Government debt as % GDP
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Government Debt as % GDP (1)
Source: Eurostat
KT Vývoj (KT Development), Karel Tichý, 29 Jan 2023
The debt-to-GDP ratio (government debt as a percentage of GDP). Only the countries of the European Union, the UK and the USA are included in this comparison (29 countries). Since 1995 public debt in the UK rose from 44.5% to 105.6% of GDP. Most countries have reduced their debts over the past year (UK didn’t). (Ranking: less debt = better position).
RANKING in 2021:
1. Estonia, 2. Bulgaria, 3. Luxembourg, 4. Sweden, 5. Denmark, 6. Czechia, 7. Latvia, 8. Lithuania, 9. Romania, 10. Netherlands … 15. Germany … 22. UK … 27. USA, 28. Italy, 29. Greece.
DIFFERENCES 2020 – 2021:
Biggest move up: Cyprus (3 positions, before 24., after 21.).
Biggest move down: Malta (3 positions, before 10., after 13.), Czechia (2 positions, before 4., after 6.).
UNITED KINGDOM:
1995 – 2010: Down 9 pos. (before 11., after 20.)
2010 – 2020: Down 1 pos. (before 20., after 21.)
2020 – 2021: Down 1 pos. (before 21., after 22.)
United Kingdom : 105,6 % / 44,5 % (1995) / + 61,1
Development of the Debt (1995 – 2021)
Country : status in 2021 (% GDP) / status 1995 / Difference
Austria : 82,3 % / 68,3 / + 14,0
Belgium : 109,2 % / 131,3 / – 22,1
Bulgaria : 23,9 % / 96,2 (1997) / – 72,3
Croatia : 78,4 % / 22,6 / + 55,8
Cyprus : 101,0 % / 49,0 / + 52,0
Czechia : 42,0 % / 13,7 / + 28,3
Denmark : 36,6 % / 52,4 (2000) / – 15,8
Estonia : 17,6 % / 8,0 / + 9,6
Finland : 72,4 % / 55,2 / + 17,2
France : 112,8 % / 56,1 / + 56,7
Germany : 68,6 % / 54,9 / + 13,7
Greece : 194,5 % / 99,0 / + 95,5
Hungary : 76,8 % / 84,1 / – 7,3
Ireland : 55,4 % / 78,5 / – 23,1
Italy : 150,3 % / 119,4 / + 30,9
Latvia : 43,6 % / 13,9 / + 29,7
Lithuania : 43,7 % / 11,5 / + 32,2
Luxembourg : 24,5 % / 7,2 (2000) / + 17,3
Malta : 56,3 % / 34,4 / + 21,9
Netherlands : 52,4 % / 73,1 / – 20,7
Poland : 53,8 % / 47,6 / + 6,2
Portugal : 125,5 % / 62,2 / + 63,3
Romania : 48,9 % / 6,6 / + 42,3
Slovakia : 62,2 % / 21,6 / + 40,6
Slovenia : 74,5 % / 18,2 / + 56,3
Spain : 118,3 % / 61,5 / + 56,8
Sweden : 36,3 % / 69,2 / – 32,9
United Kingdom : 105,6 % / 44,5 / + 61,1
USA : 127,0 % / 65,1 / + 61,9
TOP 10 (Government debt as % GDP) – 2021
(only EU, UK, USA)
Rank. Country: Government debt as % GDP
1. Estonia: 17,6 %
2. Bulgaria: 23,9 %
3. Luxembourg: 24,5 %
4. Sweden: 36,3 %
5. Denmark: 36,6 %
6. Czechia: 42,0 %
7. Latvia: 43,6 %
8. Lithuania: 43,7 %
9. Romania: 48,9 %
10. Netherlands: 52,4 %
15. Germany: 68,6 %
22. United Kingdom: 105,6 %
24. France: 112,8 %
27. USA: 127,0 %
28. Italy: 150,3 %
29. Greece: 194,5 %
|
TOP 10 – 1995
Rank. Country: Debts
1. Romania: 6,6 %
2. Estonia: 8,0 %
3. Lithuania: 11,5 %
4. Czechia: 13,7 %
5. Latvia: 13,9 %
6. Slovenia: 18,2 %
7. Portugal: 21,6 %
8. Slovakia: 21,6 %
9. Croatia: 22,6 %
10. Malta: 34,4 %
11. UK: 44,5 %
14. Germany: 54,9 %
16. France: 56,1 %
18. USA: 65,1 %
24. Greece: 99,0 %
25. Italy: 119,4 %
26. Belgium: 131,3 %
|
TOP 10 – 2000
Rank. Country: Debts
1. Estonia: 5,1 %
2. Luxembourg: 7,2 %
3. Latvia: 12,1 %
4. Czechia: 17,0 %
5. Romania: 22,5 %
6. Lithuania: 23,5 %
7. Slovenia: 25,9 %
8. Croatia: 35,7 %
9. Ireland: 36,1 %
10. Poland 36,5 %
11. UK: 36,8 %
18. USA: 55,6 %
22. France: 58,9 %
23. Germany: 59,1 %
27. Greece: 104,9 %
28. Italy: 109,0 %
29. Belgium: 109,6 %
|
|
TOP 10 – 2010
Rank. Country: Debts
1. Estonia: 6,6 %
2. Bulgaria: 15,4 %
3. Luxembourg: 19,8 %
4. Romania: 29,6 %
5. Lithuania: 36,3 %
6. Czechia: 37,4 %
7. Sweden: 38,2 %
8. Slovenia: 38,3 %
9. Portugal: 41,0 %
10. Slovakia: 41,0 %
20. UK: 74,6 %
22. Germany: 82,4 %
24. France: 85,3 %
26. USA: 91,2 %
27. Belgium: 100,3 %
28. Italy: 119,2 %
29. Greece: 146,2 %
|
TOP 10 – 2020
Rank. Country: Debts
1. Estonia: 17,6 %
2. Bulgaria: 23,9 %
3. Luxembourg: 24,5 %
4. Czechia: 42,0 %
5. Sweden: 36,3 %
6. Denmark: 36,6 %
7. Latvia: 43,6 %
8. Lithuania: 43,7 %
9. Romania: 48,9 %
10. Malta: 56,3 %
15. Germany: 68,6 %
21. UK: 105,6 %
23. France: 112,8 %
26. USA: 127,0 %
27. Portugal: 125,5 %
28. Italy: 150,3 %
29. Greece: 194,5 %
|
Development of the debt
The number in brackets after the abbreviation of the country name shows the rank of this country in the world in the relevant year. Red or blue numbers at the end of the line = difference.
UK vs. Ireland (Government debt [% GDP])
1995 – UK (10.): 76% less IRL (22.) – 44,5 vs. 78,5 / – 34,0
2000 – UK (11.): 2% more IRL (9.) – 36,8 vs. 36,1 / 0,7
2005 – UK (12.): 52% more IRL (6.) – 39,6 vs. 26,1 / 13,5
2010 – UK (19.): 15% less IRL (24.) – 74,6 vs. 86,0 / – 11,4
2015 – UK (21.): 13% more IRL (17.) – 86,9 vs. 76,7 / 10,2
2020 – UK (21.): 75% more IRL (13.) – 102,4 vs. 58,4 / 44,0
2021 – UK (22.): 91% more IRL (13.) – 105,6 vs. 55,4 / 50,2
UK vs. USA (Government debt [% GDP])
1995 – UK (10.): 46% less USA (18.) – 44,5 vs. 65,1 / – 20,6
2000 – UK (11.): 51% less USA (18.) – 36,8 vs. 55,6 / – 18,8
2005 – UK (12.): 56% less USA (20.) – 39,6 vs. 61,6 / – 22,0
2010 – UK (19.): 22% less USA (25.) – 74,6 vs. 91,2 / – 16,6
2015 – UK (21.): 15% less USA (24.) – 86,9 vs. 100,1 / – 13,2
2020 – UK (21.): 25% less USA (26.) – 102,4 vs. 128,1 / – 25,7
2021 – UK (22.): 20% less USA (27.) – 105,6 vs. 127,0 / – 21,4
UK vs. Austria (Government debt [% GDP])
1995 – UK (10.): 53% less A (19.) – 44,5 vs. 68,3 / – 23,8
2000 – UK (11.): 80% less A (25.) – 36,8 vs. 66,1 / – 29,3
2005 – UK (12.): 73% less A (24.) – 39,6 vs. 68,6 / – 29,0
2010 – UK (19.): 11% less A (22.) – 74,6 vs. 82,7 / – 8,1
2015 – UK (21.): 2% more A (20.) – 86,9 vs. 84,9 / 2,0
2020 – UK (21.): 23% more A (19.) – 102,4 vs. 83,2 / 19,2
2021 – UK (22.): 28% more A (20.) – 105,6 vs. 82,3 / 23,3
UK vs. Czechia (Government debt [% GDP])
1995 – UK (10.): 225% more CZ (4.) – 44,5 vs. 13,7 / 30,8
2000 – UK (11.): 116% more CZ (4.) – 36,8 vs. 17,0 / 19,8
2005 – UK (12.): 42% more CZ (9.) – 39,6 vs. 27,9 / 11,7
2010 – UK (19.): 99% more CZ (6.) – 74,6 vs. 37,4 / 37,2
2015 – UK (21.): 117% more CZ (7.) – 86,9 vs. 40,0 / 46,9
2020 – UK (21.): 172% more CZ (4.) – 102,4 vs. 37,7 / 64,7
2021 – UK (22.): 151% more CZ (6.) – 105,6 vs. 42,0 / 63,6
UK vs. France (Government debt [% GDP])
1995 – UK (10.): 26% less F (15.) – 44,5 vs. 56,1 / – 11,6
2000 – UK (11.): 60% less F (22.) – 36,8 vs. 58,9 / – 22,1
2005 – UK (12.): 70% less F (23.) – 39,6 vs. 67,4 / – 27,8
2010 – UK (19.): 14% less F (23.) – 74,6 vs. 85,3 / – 10,7
2015 – UK (21.): 10% less F (22.) – 86,9 vs. 95,6 / – 8,7
2020 – UK (21.): 12% less F (23.) – 102,4 vs. 115,0 / – 12,6
2021 – UK (22.): 7% less F (24.) – 105,6 vs. 112,8 / – 7,2
UK vs. Germany (Government debt [% GDP])
1995 – UK (10.): 23% less D (13.) – 44,5 vs. 54,9 / – 10,4
2000 – UK (11.): 61% less D (23.) – 36,8 vs. 59,1 / – 22,3
2005 – UK (12.): 70% less D (22.) – 39,6 vs. 67,3 / – 27,7
2010 – UK (19.): 10% less D (21.) – 74,6 vs. 82,4 / – 7,8
2015 – UK (21.): 21% more D (15.) – 86,9 vs. 72,1 / 14,8
2020 – UK (21.): 49% more D (15.) – 102,4 vs. 68,7 / 33,7
2021 – UK (22.): 54% more D (15.) – 105,6 vs. 68,6 / 37,0
UK vs. Italy (Government debt [% GDP])
1995 – UK (10.): 168% less IT (25.) – 44,5 vs. 119,4 / – 74,9
2000 – UK (11.): 196% less IT (28.) – 36,8 vs. 109,0 / – 72,2
2005 – UK (12.): 169% less IT (28.) – 39,6 vs. 106,6 / – 67,0
2010 – UK (19.): 60% less IT (28.) – 74,6 vs. 119,2 / – 44,6
2015 – UK (21.): 56% less IT (28.) – 86,9 vs. 135,3 / – 48,4
2020 – UK (21.): 52% less IT (28.) – 102,4 vs. 155,6 / – 53,2
2021 – UK (22.): 42% less IT (28.) – 105,6 vs. 150,3 / – 44,7
UK vs. Poland (Government debt [% GDP])
1995 – UK (10.): 7% less PL (11.) – 44,5 vs. 47,6 / – 3,1
2000 – UK (11.): 1% more PL (10.) – 36,8 vs. 36,5 / 0,3
2005 – UK (12.): 17% less PL (16.) – 39,6 vs. 46,4 / – 6,8
2010 – UK (19.): 40% more PL (13.) – 74,6 vs. 53,1 / 21,5
2015 – UK (21.): 69% more PL (10.) – 86,9 vs. 51,3 / 35,6
2020 – UK (21.): 78% more PL (12.) – 102,4 vs. 57,4 / 45,0
2021 – UK (22.): 96% more PL (11.) – 105,6 vs. 53,8 / 51,8
UK vs. Slovakia (Government debt [% GDP])
1995 – UK (10.): 106% more SK (7.) – 44,5 vs. 21,6 / 22,9
2000 – UK (11.): 37% less SK (13.) – 36,8 vs. 50,5 / – 13,7
2005 – UK (12.): 14% more SK (10.) – 39,6 vs. 34,7 / 4,9
2010 – UK (19.): 82% more SK (9.) – 74,6 vs. 41,0 / 33,6
2015 – UK (21.): 67% more SK (11.) – 86,9 vs. 51,9 / 35,0
2020 – UK (21.): 72% more SK (14.) – 102,4 vs. 59,7 / 42,7
2021 – UK (22.): 70% more SK (14.) – 105,6 vs. 62,2 / 43,4
Sources:
Government debt as percent of GDP
Eurostat
1995 – 2019: retrieved Apr 23, 2020
https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=ds22a34krhq5p_&hl=en_US&dl=en_US#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=gd_pc_gdp&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country_group&idim=country:uk&ifdim=country_group&hl=en_US&dl=en_US&ind=false
Eurostat – 2020:
File:Public balance and general government debt, 2017-2020 (1) (% of GDP) Oct 2021.png. Data extracted on 20.10.2021.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Public_balance_and_general_government_debt,_2017-2020_(%C2%B9)_(%25_of_GDP)_Oct_2021.png#file
Eurostat – 2021:
Source: Eurostat (gov_10dd_edpt1); (1) Data extracted on 20.10.2022
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Government_finance_statistics#Government_debt
USA: Trading Economics
United States Gross Federal Debt to GDP, retrieved 2023-01-29
1995 – 2019: retrieved Feb 23, 2020
https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/government-debt-to-gdp
UK: Office for National Statistics
General government gross debt as a percentage of GDP
Release date: 28 October 2022
https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/governmentpublicsectorandtaxes/publicsectorfinance/datasets/generalgovernmentgrossdebtandgeneralgovernmentdeficitaspercentageofgdpukandeumemberstatesannexa
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